Putting It Into Practice

General Building Issues

Design

Following are some of the most important preservation issues to consider when designing a new building or making changes to an existing space.

Layout

To provide the best environment and the most security for collections, collection storage spaces must be separated from collection use spaces. It is best to store collections in an internal space without windows or other exposure to the outside environment. In addition, the layout of circulation, reference, and reading spaces must consider the need to supervise readers. Collections storage should be keyed separately from other spaces.

Water Control

Storing collections in basements is not recommended due to the risk of moisture and flooding; overcrowding can also pose a fire hazard.

Basement level storage areas are undesirable, due to their tendency toward flooding and moisture. If basement storage is unavoidable, excellent seals must be provided for the floor and exterior walls, and collections must be isolated from basement-level mechanical equipment. With the exception of fire suppression pipes, water-bearing pipes should not run through collections storage spaces. Cooling towers, lavatories, kitchens, janitor's spaces, and other water-carrying equipment should never be located above collections storage (including technical services, or any other areas where collections are stored for extended periods). All shelving should provide 4" floor clearance. Shelving should not be placed against exterior walls, as this can lead to condensation and other problems.

See Session 7: Disaster Planning for more information on water hazards, and a Water Damage Checklist.

Insulation and Vapor Barriers

Good insulation will reduce the effect of outdoor environmental conditions on indoor conditions. If there are windows, they should be properly insulated (e.g., double-paned). Consistent use of shutters, blinds, or curtains will reduce heating from sunlight. The use of vapor barriers is also important in controlling humidity within the building. Older buildings are often sturdily constructed of hygroscopic materials (e.g., wood, plaster, brick) that absorb and release moisture, while newer buildings have thinner walls and more easily allow moisture to pass through to the interior. Vapor barriers include various floor and wall coverings, such as waterproof paint or polyethylene film.

Systems

Fire protection, security systems, and climate control systems are addressed elsewhere in this session. These systems are crucial to preservation and must be included in the design of a new or renovated building.

Floors and Walls

Carpeting should be avoided in collection storage spaces, as it can off-gas pollutants and absorb moisture easily. If storage areas are to be painted with collections in place, use only vinyl, acrylic, or latex paints. If areas must be painted using other types of paints, be sure to allow enough time for vapors to dissipate before returning collections to the area. Dropped ceilings are also not recommended, since they make it harder to identify leaks and can hide mold growth.