Exploring

Risk Assessment

External Hazards

External hazards can be natural or manmade. They may be common (e.g., flooding) or uncommon (e.g., oil leak). They may happen suddenly (e.g., tornado), or there may be prior warning (e.g., hurricane). They may be a result of geography, physical location, or even the political environment. As you consider the external hazards to which your institution might be vulnerable, remember that there may be unexpected risks.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLE: The worst water damage to the Boston Public Library in 120 years occurred when a water main dating from 1895 burst and sent tens of thousands of gallons gushing through the basement of the recently renovated McKim Building shortly after midnight on August 16, 1998. Three feet of water saturated the first three shelves of almost every basement book stack. Loss and damage included about 350,000 paper lost GPO documents, 3 million pieces of damaged or destroyed microfiche, and 250 drawers of damaged maps.

Following are some risks to which your institution might be subjected:

• Hurricane
• Severe winter storm
• Flooding
• Earthquake
• Wild fire/forest fire
• Water main break
• Sewer system backup
• Proximity to hazardous materials or activity
• Terrorist attack or riot/civil disturbance

Hurricane—Hurricanes are slow moving, severe storms with high winds that are a serious threat to the East Coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States from approximately June to November of each year. Those affected usually have 24 hours or more to prepare, with hurricane watches and hurricane warnings issued well in advance.
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Severe winter storm—Winter storms often involve heavy snow, sleet, or freezing rain. Very heavy snow accompanied by high winds and extreme cold is termed a blizzard. When rain falls on surfaces with a temperature below freezing, an ice storm can occur. A nor'easter is a specific type of storm characteristic to the East Coast of the U.S., which can bring heavy snow (or rain), hurricane force winds, and coastal flooding.
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Flooding—Flooding often develops over a number of days, as a result of prolonged heavy rain or melting snows that create high river, stream, or reservoir levels. Flooding, particularly flash flooding (which occurs very quickly with little warning), can be extremely dangerous and damaging; even shallow floodwaters can sweep away cars or people. Flash flooding occurs most often from storms that produce large amounts of rain in a short time, but can also be caused by some sort of catastrophic event, such as a dam failure.
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Earthquake—Earthquakes measuring 6 or more on the Richter scale are considered major; earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter scale can result in catastrophic damage. Buildings that are constructed on unconsolidated landfills, old waterways, or other unstable soil are most at risk. Trailers and manufactured homes not tied to a reinforced foundation anchored to the ground are also at risk. Certain areas of the United States are prone to earthquakes, but history has also shown that damaging earthquakes do not always occur on well-known fault lines.
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Wildfire/Forest Fire—Institutions located in a rural wild land or forest area face a significant risk from wildfires, of which the major causes are human negligence (e.g., smoking or improperly extinguishing a campfire) and lightning. Adjacent properties may pose a danger to your building and collections if the property owners do not take steps to prevent the spread of the fire. In addition, a rural location may be far from fire stations and water supplies. Finally, wildfire firefighters may be unaware of actions needed to protect cultural buildings and collections.
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Water Main Break—Since many underground water mains are very old and deteriorated, they often break unexpectedly. It is also possible for a water main to be broken accidentally by digging or construction in the area. The primary threat to institutions and collections is flooding, which can be significant, particularly if some time passes before workers can cap the water main.
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Sewer System Backup—Sewer system backups often occur because of heavy rains that increase the water pressure in the sewer system, causing sewage to flow into buildings through the basement drains. If there is a widespread power outage in the area, the sewer system may fail due to lack of power to parts of the system. Sewer backups can also result from inappropriate materials being disposed of down the drains or from shrub or tree roots cracking or breaking the sewer lines.
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Proximity to Hazardous Materials or Activity—Hazardous materials are used in a wide range of activities, including manufacturing, agriculture, medicine, and research. Many products that are routinely used in homes or workplaces contain hazardous chemicals (e.g., cleaning products, paint removers and thinners). Most serious accidents involving hazardous materials are the result of transportation accidents (involving air transport, highways, trains, and/or waterways) or accidents in manufacturing plants.
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Terrorist Attack (or Riot/Civil Disturbance)—Most terrorist attacks that have occurred in the United States have been bombing attacks, but chemical or biological attacks are possible. If an institution is located near railways, highways, waterways, power plants, government buildings, or other prominent public facilities, there is some risk of terrorist attack. If an institution is located in a public facility or in proximity to a controversial organization, there may also be risk of a riot or civil disturbance.
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